New image citation standards need to be developed in order for college and graduate students to meet visual literacy standards. The  MLA Handbook , 8th edition, and  Chicago Manual of Style , 16th edition, do not adequately clarify how to caption, attribute, and cite images. Other image captioning and citing resources are available, but refer to the MLA and Chicago manuals. Image captions from scholarly journals vary widely and cannot be used as examples for students to follow. Recommendations are also provided for future editions of the  MLA Handbook  and  Chicago Manual of Style .